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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
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Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model01:09

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Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...
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Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
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Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Permeability Enhancement01:27

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Body:After oral administration, poor permeability often limits the rate at which drugs are absorbed through the intestinal epithelium. Enhancing drug permeability is crucial for effective therapy, and several strategies have been developed to overcome this challenge.One effective strategy involves the use of lipid-based formulations. These formulations enhance dissolution and solubility, targeting physiological mechanisms to increase drug absorption. This includes stimulating bile salt...
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Drugs must traverse multiple biological barriers, such as multi-layered skin, single-layered intestinal epithelium, and the plasma membrane, to reach their target sites within the body. The plasma membrane, a highly structured composite of phospholipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, is the cell's protective boundary, facilitating selective substance exchange.
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Quality-by-Design Development of a Clofazimine-Pyrazinamide Dermal Emulsion and Its Diffusion Behavior in Strat-M<sup>®</sup> and Human Skin.

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Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging
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Cracking the Skin Barrier: Models and Methods Driving Dermal Drug Delivery.

Francelle Bouwer1, Marius Brits1, Joe M Viljoen1

  • 1Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Building G16, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.

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PubMed
Summary

Dermal drug delivery faces skin barrier challenges. This review explores various models and methods for studying skin permeation, highlighting the need for better predictive tools for effective drug delivery systems.

Keywords:
Strat-M® membraneanimal modelsbioequivalence assessmentdermal drug deliverydiffusion cellsex vivo skin modelsreconstructed human epidermisskin-PAMPAstratum corneum (SC)tape stripping

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Dermal drug delivery offers localized effects and improved compliance but is hindered by the skin's barrier properties, particularly the stratum corneum (SC).
  • Accurate assessment of dermal absorption and permeability is crucial for developing effective topical and transdermal therapies.
  • Current models and methods vary in their ability to predict in vivo performance, posing challenges for formulation and regulatory approval.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compare biological, synthetic, and methodological models for studying dermal drug absorption and permeability.
  • To discuss the advantages, limitations, and applications of different models and analytical techniques.
  • To identify current challenges and future directions for advancing dermal drug delivery research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on various models including ex vivo human skin, animal models (porcine, rodent, rabbit, monkey, snake skin), and synthetic substitutes (reconstructed human epidermis, Strat-M® membranes).
  • Analysis of innovative methods such as diffusion cells, skin-PAMPA, tape stripping, and advanced imaging techniques for assessing drug transport.
  • Evaluation of the correlation between in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo data.

Main Results:

  • Ex vivo human skin serves as a benchmark but has limitations in availability and ethics.
  • Animal models and synthetic substitutes offer alternatives with varying degrees of physiological relevance and practicality.
  • Advanced analytical techniques provide quantitative and qualitative insights into drug permeation, aiding formulation and bioequivalence studies.

Conclusions:

  • No single model perfectly replicates human skin barrier function, necessitating careful selection based on study objectives.
  • Challenges persist in correlating model outcomes with in vivo results and capturing skin's dynamic nature.
  • Development of more physiologically relevant models is essential for advancing safe and effective dermal drug delivery systems.