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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Evidence for an Integrated Bilingual Language System from Discourse Tasks in Aphasia.

Xuanyi Jessica Chen1, Manuel J Marte2, Swathi Kiran2

  • 1Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|December 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bilingual aphasia patients show similar language impairments across both languages, suggesting an integrated neural system. Naturalistic tasks reveal parallel breakdown patterns, not distinct ones, modulated by language dominance.

Keywords:
aphasiabilingualismlanguage organization

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Speech and Language Pathology

Background:

  • Bilingual language representation in the brain is debated, with evidence for both shared and distinct neural architectures.
  • Bilingual aphasia studies report varied impairment patterns, likely influenced by language dominance, proficiency, and task demands.
  • Few studies have analyzed linguistic breakdown across multiple levels using naturalistic, discourse-based tasks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate parallel versus dissociable impairment patterns in Spanish-English bilinguals with aphasia.
  • To analyze naturalistic narrative production, focusing on error types and code-switching.
  • To determine if language dominance influences impairment patterns in bilingual aphasia.

Main Methods:

  • Thirteen bilingual individuals with aphasia performed story retellings in both Spanish and English.
  • Speech samples were transcribed and coded for phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic errors.
  • Code-switches were identified and categorized; analyses included generalized linear modeling and unsupervised clustering.

Main Results:

  • Error structures and distributions were highly similar across both languages, despite more errors in the non-dominant language.
  • Unsupervised clustering revealed parallel impairments across languages, not grouped by dominance.
  • Code-switching predominantly occurred from the non-dominant to the dominant language.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support an integrated bilingual language system across multiple linguistic levels, modulated by language dominance.
  • Naturalistic discourse tasks provide richer insights into bilingual language breakdown.
  • Results can inform theoretical models and clinical management of bilingual aphasia.