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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a process where genetic material moves between organisms within the same generation, unlike vertical gene transfer, which occurs from parent to offspring. HGT plays a crucial role in microbial evolution, adaptation, and survival, particularly in shared environments like the human gut.Mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, prophages, integrons, insertion sequences, and transposons facilitate this process. HGT occurs through three primary mechanisms:...
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Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production
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From host to population: Bridging the viral immuno-evolutionary gap.

Hassan Jamaleddine1, Bryan T Grenfell2, Andrea L Graham3

  • 1Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.

Immunity
|December 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Viral evolution is a global concern, driven by immune responses. Integrating host immunity studies with viral genome sequencing is crucial for understanding and predicting pathogen evolution.

Keywords:
T cell epitope escapecomputational biologyemerging infectious diseasesevolutionary biologyimmune selectionimmunologylong-term evolution experimentstransmissionviral evolutionzoonotic spillover

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Viral evolution and adaptation pose significant global health challenges.
  • Immune responses are key drivers of viral evolution, but host-specific pressures are not fully understood.
  • A gap exists between individual host immunity studies and population-level evolutionary research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the need for integrated experimental approaches linking host immunity and viral evolution.
  • To emphasize the importance of coupling immune parameter investigations with viral genomic sequencing.
  • To improve the prediction and management of viral evolution by understanding immune-mediated selection pressures.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of current research frameworks in host-pathogen interactions and viral evolution.
  • Argument for the integration of individual host immune response data with population-level epi-evolutionary studies.
  • Call for experimental designs that incorporate viral genome sequencing alongside immune mediator analysis.

Main Results:

  • Current studies often investigate immune parameters and viral dynamics separately from genomic evolutionary data.
  • There is a lack of understanding regarding how specific immune mediators within hosts shape long-term viral evolutionary trajectories.
  • Integrating host immunity and viral genomics can reveal distinct immune-mediated selection pressures.

Conclusions:

  • Bridging individual host and population-level studies is critical for a comprehensive understanding of viral evolution.
  • Coupling immune studies with viral genome sequencing is essential for identifying immune-mediated selection pressures.
  • This integrated approach will enhance the prediction and management of emerging viral variants and their evolution.