Dynamics of COVID-19 Risk Perception in Indonesia: A Consecutive Cross-sectional Study From 2020 to 2022

According to Schneider et al (2021), the perception on COVID-19 risk needs to be assessed longitudinally to understand its persistence and predictors. This stability of this perception helps in designing communication strategies, especially during a pandemic.

This study aimed to evaluate changes in of Indonesians' risk perceptions toward COVID-19 over a three-year period (2020-2022) and factors associated with the changes.

A standardized, self-directed online questionnaire developed by Effective Communications in Outbreak Management for Europe was used to assess risk perception and its associated variables.

A total of 2,708 people participated in the survey, which comprised 1,043 participants in 2020, 890 in 2021, and 775 in 2022. Analysis of variance and Tukey's HSD (Honestly Significant Difference) post hoc analysis revealed that risk perception of COVID-19 significantly declined in 2022 compared to previous years. At the same time, risk tolerance-such as readiness, ability to control risk, belief in efficacy, and willingness to implement control measures-peaked. Personal responsibility for protecting one's own health and preventing harm to others was reported as key driver for implementing control measures. Linear regression analysis shows that the sociodemographic variables, namely sex and occupation, consistently influenced risk perception throughout the three-year study (p < 0.05).

Therefore, it is essential to develop a tailored communication strategy for different sexes and occupations.