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Related Concept Videos

Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives
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Helical Polymers: From Precise Synthesis to Structures and Functions.

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This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers review advances in artificial helical polymers, focusing on controlled synthesis and applications like chiral separations and catalysis. This field holds promise for developing new chiral materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Chirality Studies
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Helices are vital in biological systems, with one-handed helicity leading to optical activity due to enantiomerism.
  • Natural helices inspire the development of artificial helical polymers for various applications.
  • Artificial helical polymers are a significant area of research due to their potential as chiral materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the controlled synthesis, structures, and functions of artificial helical polymers.
  • To highlight progress in creating both static and dynamic one-handed helical polymers.
  • To summarize the applications of helical polymers in enantioseparation, catalysis, self-assembly, and luminescence.

Main Methods:

  • Asymmetric polymerization strategies for static helical polymers.
  • Helix-sense-selective polymerization for static helical polymers.
  • Helix induction and memory techniques for dynamic helical polymers.

Main Results:

  • Controlled synthesis of one-handed static helical polymers achieved through advanced polymerization techniques.
  • Precise fabrication of dynamic helices with preferred handedness using induction and memory effects.
  • Demonstrated applications in enantiomer separation, asymmetric catalysis, chiral self-assembly, and circularly polarized luminescence.

Conclusions:

  • Significant progress has been made in the synthesis and application of artificial helical polymers.
  • These polymers show great potential in various fields requiring chiral recognition and control.
  • Future research should address remaining challenges and explore new frontiers in chiral materials.