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Related Concept Videos

Tandem Mass Spectrometry01:21

Tandem Mass Spectrometry

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Tandem mass spectrometry is a technique that uses multiple mass analyzers in series to obtain a higher selectivity and reduce chemical noise during analyte detection. Instruments with multiple analyzers separated by an interaction cell enable secondary fragmentation and selected study of the fragment ions.Secondary fragmentations occur in the interaction cell and can be induced by various factors. Fragmentation induced by collision with inert gases, such as N2, Ar, He, etc., is called...
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Mass Spectrometry: Complex Analysis01:21

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Mass spectrometry is an important technique for the identification of pure compounds. However, it has some limitations for the analysis of complex mixtures, often due to excessive fragmentation making the spectrum too complicated to decipher. Mass spectrometry can be combined with suitable separation methods in sequence, forming hyphenated methods, which are useful in the analysis of complex mixtures.
GC–MS is a powerful hyphenated method commonly used in forensics and environmental...
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Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

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Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
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¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

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Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
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¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

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A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
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¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

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The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
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Multiplexed Single-molecule Force Proteolysis Measurements Using Magnetic Tweezers
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Beyond the Single Molecule: Multiplexed Methods in Force Spectroscopy.

Ken Halvorsen1, Andrew Ward2,3, Wesley P Wong2,3,4,5

  • 1The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA.

Annual Review of Biophysics
|January 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiplexed single-molecule force spectroscopy allows direct observation of individual biomolecules, advancing biological research. This review details technological evolution and diverse applications in biophysics and cellular biology.

Keywords:
DNA nanotechnologyforce spectroscopyhigh-throughput instrumentationmechanobiologymultiplexed biochemical methodssingle-molecule biophysics

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Single-molecule techniques offer direct observation and manipulation, overcoming limitations of bulk measurements.
  • These methods provide insights into molecular motors, biomolecule mechanics, and bond strengths under physiological stress.
  • Advancements in multiplexed and high-throughput techniques enhance capabilities and accessibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of multiplexed single-molecule force spectroscopy technologies.
  • To highlight key advances in instrumentation, molecular engineering, and analytical methods.
  • To discuss diverse applications and future opportunities in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical and recent developments in single-molecule force spectroscopy instrumentation.
  • Analysis of molecular engineering strategies for single-molecule studies.
  • Examination of analytical techniques for interpreting single-molecule data.

Main Results:

  • Detailed evolution of multiplexed force spectroscopy technologies.
  • Identification of key advances in instrumentation, molecular engineering, and analysis.
  • Broad range of applications discussed, including molecular biophysics, sensing, proteomics, and mechanobiology.

Conclusions:

  • Multiplexed single-molecule force spectroscopy has significantly impacted biological research.
  • Ongoing challenges and future opportunities lie in novel instrumentation, chemical tools, and applications.
  • Continued development promises to expand the impact of these powerful techniques.