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Related Concept Videos

Transcription01:10

Transcription

154.8K
Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
154.8K
Transcription01:17

Transcription

32.3K
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...
32.3K
Cell Signaling in Plants01:25

Cell Signaling in Plants

6.1K
Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...
6.1K
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

25.6K
Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
25.6K
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

503
Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
503
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

1.3K
The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
1.3K

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Translational control in plants: from basic mechanisms to environmental and developmental responses.

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  • 1Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Genetics and Genomics Academy, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.

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Summary

Plants precisely control protein synthesis for growth and stress adaptation. This review details plant translation mechanisms and regulatory elements responding to environmental and developmental signals.

Keywords:
Translation regulationcis‐regulatory RNA elementsplant adaptationplant development

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Plant Science
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Protein synthesis is fundamental for all life, requiring strict regulation for organismal functions.
  • Plants, as sessile organisms, possess unique translational control mechanisms for environmental adaptation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the general process of translation.
  • To discuss the specific translational machinery present in plants.
  • To examine cis-regulatory elements influencing plant translation and explore recent regulatory studies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of general translation processes.
  • Analysis of plant-specific translational machinery.
  • Examination of cis-regulatory elements and recent research on translational regulation in plants.

Main Results:

  • General translation mechanisms are conserved but exhibit plant-specific adaptations.
  • Plants utilize distinct translational machinery and cis-regulatory elements for fine-tuning protein production.
  • Environmental and developmental cues significantly impact plant translation.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding plant translation is crucial for comprehending plant adaptation and development.
  • The identified regulatory mechanisms offer insights into how plants respond to external stimuli.
  • Further research into plant translational control can inform agricultural and biotechnological applications.