Young stroke: An update on epidemiology, emerging risk factors, and future research directions

The incidence of ischemic stroke among young adults (aged 18-49 years) has risen over recent decades, particularly in high-income countries, contrasting with the decline seen in older populations. This trend represents a growing public health concern, as stroke at young age often leads to long-term psychosocial consequences and loss of productive life years. The increasing incidence may partly reflect a higher prevalence of traditional vascular risk factors, as well as the identification of non-traditional risk and trigger factors such as air pollution, sleep apnea, long working hours, vigorous exercise, and illicit drug use. Diagnostic evaluation in this young population is typically more extensive than in older patients, given the broad spectrum of potential underlying causes. A structured, multidisciplinary approach integrating vascular, hematologic, and cardiac assessment is essential for accurate etiological classification. Although functional outcomes are generally favorable, many young stroke survivors experience persistent psychosocial sequelae, including cognitive impairment, depression, anxiety, and fatigue, which significantly affect quality of life. Recurrence risk varies according to stroke etiology, with the lowest rates observed in patients with a cryptogenic stroke. These findings highlight the importance of more tailored secondary prevention strategies, as antiplatelet therapy is not without risks. Further research is needed to identify novel risk and trigger factors, refine prognostic tools, optimize secondary prevention, and develop interventions addressing the psychosocial recovery of young stroke survivors.