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TI-Toolbox: An open-source software for temporal interference stimulation research.

Ido Haber1, Aksel Jackson2, Axel Thielscher3

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.

Brain Stimulation
|January 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

TI-Toolbox is a new open-source platform for temporal interference (TI) stimulation research. It streamlines neuroimaging preprocessing, montage optimization, and field simulation, accelerating non-invasive deep brain stimulation studies.

Keywords:
Brain stimulationComputational modelingNeuroimagingOpen-source softwareSimNIBSTemporal interference

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Temporal interference (TI) stimulation offers selective deep brain targeting with reduced cortical effects.
  • Existing TI research lacks integrated computational tools for seamless neuroimaging to analysis workflows.
  • A unified framework is crucial for translational and clinical applications of TI stimulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop TI-Toolbox, an open-source software platform for temporal interference stimulation research.
  • To integrate neuroimaging preprocessing, montage optimization, electric field simulation, and analysis into a unified framework.
  • To enhance reproducibility and accessibility for researchers across expertise levels.

Main Methods:

  • Developed TI-Toolbox integrating tools like dcm2niix, SimNIBS, and FreeSurfer.
  • Implemented end-to-end workflows for MRI preprocessing, volume conduction modeling, montage optimization, and electric field simulation.
  • Provided both graphical and command-line interfaces with Docker containerization for accessibility and reproducibility.

Main Results:

  • TI-Toolbox automates the entire TI research pipeline from data conversion to field analysis.
  • The platform demonstrates robust performance and enhances workflow standardization and reproducibility.
  • Case studies validated HD-EEG mapping for montage standardization and individualized modeling for exposure assessment.

Conclusions:

  • TI-Toolbox bridges critical infrastructure gaps in temporal interference stimulation research.
  • The unified, validated platform reduces technical barriers for researchers.
  • Accelerates translational research in non-invasive deep brain stimulation.