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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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How Social Determinants of Health Affect Outcomes Following Rotator Cuff Repair.

Branden Wright1, Jaynie X Criscione, Vineeth Romiyo

  • 1From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, New Jersey (Dr. Wright, Ms. Criscione, Dr. Pohl, Dr. Curry, Mr. Gentile, Dr. Miller, Dr. Kleiner, Dr. Pollard, and Dr. Fedorka), and the Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey (Dr. Romiyo, Dr. Hunter, Dr. Miller, Dr. Kleiner, Dr. Pollard, and Dr. Fedorka).

Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global Research & Reviews
|January 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Patients with lower income and higher social deprivation experienced worse outcomes after rotator cuff repair (RCR). Socioeconomic status (SES) impacts patient-reported outcomes (PROMs) following RCR surgery.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopaedic Surgery
  • Health Services Research
  • Socioeconomic Disparities

Background:

  • Growing interest in orthopaedics regarding outcome disparities in low socioeconomic status (SES) populations.
  • Investigating the impact of SES, using geocoding as a proxy, on postoperative outcomes after rotator cuff tear repair.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) after rotator cuff repair (RCR).

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 322 patients undergoing RCR from 2014-2021.
  • Stratification by median household income and Social Deprivation Index (SDI) per zip code.
  • Analysis of PROMs (ASES, SANE scores) at 12 months using ANOVA and multiple linear regression.

Main Results:

  • Patients from lowest income and highest SDI areas showed significantly decreased ASES, SANE, and satisfaction scores.
  • Low- and medium-income groups positively correlated with ASES and SANE scores.
  • High SDI quartile, BMI, female sex, and smoking negatively correlated with PROMs.

Conclusions:

  • Lowest income and highest SDI patients reported lower PROMs after RCR.
  • PROMs following RCR are multifactorial, influenced by SES and other risk factors.
  • Highlights the need for awareness of risk factors, risk-adjusted models, and preoperative counseling in RCR outcomes.