Integrated experimental and AI innovations for RNA structure determination

RNAs act as crucial 'social' mediators within the cell, orchestrating a wide array of biological processes. Their functionality hinges on their complex three-dimensional structures, which dictate stability, binding specificity and molecular interactions. In recent years, a surge of research has focused on solving and/or predicting RNA structures to unlock their functional secrets. However, the dynamic nature and unique physicochemical properties of RNAs pose notable challenges to accurate structural determination. This Perspective reviews recent breakthroughs in RNA structure determination, driven by innovative experimental techniques, such as cryo-electron microscopy, alongside artificial intelligence-based tools inspired by advances in protein structure prediction. We explore how integrative approaches that combine experimental and computational methods are proving particularly powerful in illuminating the RNA world, offering enhanced resolution and scalability. We discuss remaining challenges and opportunities to overcome these hurdles. By integrating experiments with computation, the field is poised to deepen our understanding of RNA biology, paving the way for transformative applications in biotechnology and medicine.