Aflatoxin surveillance in Punjab's dairy sector: feed and milk contamination

This panel-type longitudinal study assesses the impact of socio-economic factors on aflatoxin contamination in milk and feed within Punjab, Pakistan. This study enabled monthly tracking of contamination and awareness levels, providing a dynamic assessment of changes over time. Utilizing a geographically representative cluster random sampling, 36 districts were stratified into five clusters (north, south, east, west and central) for comprehensive analysis. A total of 300 milk and 300 feed samples were collected monthly and analysed using competitive enzyme immunoassay kits. Data collected from face-to-face interviews and laboratory analyses were statistically analyzed using SPSS and R- software. Socio-economic variables, including education, income, landholding size, herd size, and milk yield, were examined in relation to contamination levels with adjustments for potential confounding factors. Results indicated significant correlations between education levels and aflatoxin awareness, with higher education correlating with reduced contamination. Aflatoxin levels were highest in the central region, linked to reliance on self-stored grains. Training on aflatoxin management significantly reduced contamination. Socio-economic attributes, except education, did not significantly impact contamination levels. Feed price inversely correlated with aflatoxin levels, suggesting economic investment in higher quality feed reduces contamination. This study showed the significance of a longitudinal monitoring framework and reinforces the need for policy-driven farmer education and improved feed management practices to enhance milk safety and public health.