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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System
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Orienting bias towards electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) cues.

Sojung Youn1, Brian A Anderson1

  • 1Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 230 Psychology Bldg, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX, United States 77843.

Addictive Behaviors Reports
|January 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Young adult electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) users show a brief orienting bias towards ENDS cues. This suggests ENDS use impacts early attentional processes, similar to other addictive substances.

Keywords:
Attentional biasDot-probe taskE-cigaretteElectronic Nicotine Delivery System

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Abnormal attentional biases for tobacco cues are documented.
  • Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) use is increasing.
  • Previous research shows later-stage attentional biases in ENDS users, but orienting bias is less clear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate orienting bias among young adult ENDS users and nonusers.
  • To examine the effect of ENDS use on early attentional bias stages.

Main Methods:

  • A modified dot-probe task was employed.
  • 224 young adults were divided into ENDS users (n=110) and control (n=114) groups.
  • Participants responded to a rotated target letter following image (ENDS-related and neutral) offset.

Main Results:

  • ENDS users demonstrated a significantly larger ENDS-related orienting bias than controls.
  • A habituation effect was noted, with bias restricted to early trials.
  • Internal reliability of the attentional bias measure was low.

Conclusions:

  • A significant, short-lived orienting bias towards ENDS cues exists in ENDS users.
  • ENDS use influences early-stage attentional processes.
  • Improved methods for measuring early-stage attentional biases in ENDS users are suggested.