Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 13, 2026
10:39
Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning
Published on: August 29, 2025
1.1K
Research self-efficacy in early-career pharmacists: Tool validation and correlation with personal attributes
Aline Hajj1,2,3, Hala Sacre1, Chadia Haddad1,4,5
1Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT-LB), Beirut, Lebanon.
Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy
|January 6, 2026
Summary
The Research Self-Efficacy Scale (RSES) is valid for early-career pharmacists in Lebanon. Higher scores were seen in pharmacists from foreign universities, correlating with strategic thinking and general self-efficacy.
Area of Science:
- Pharmacy
- Medical Education
- Psychology
Background:
- Self-efficacy is crucial for pharmacists to lead research initiatives.
- Understanding research self-efficacy in early-career pharmacists is vital for developing effective strategies.
- Personal characteristics like strategic thinking and leadership influence research engagement.
Purpose of the Study:
- To validate the Research Self-Efficacy Scale (RSES) for early-career pharmacists in Lebanon.
- To assess research self-efficacy in relation to personal characteristics such as strategic thinking and leadership.
Main Methods:
- Exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency measures were used to assess RSES validity and reliability.
- Correlations were calculated between the RSES and validated measures of global self-efficacy, leadership, and strategic thinking.
- The study included early-career pharmacists in Lebanon.
Main Results:
- The RSES was confirmed as a valid and reliable scale.
- Pharmacists educated at foreign universities reported higher research self-efficacy than those from Lebanese institutions.
- A significant positive correlation was observed between research self-efficacy, generalized self-efficacy, and strategic thinking.
Conclusions:
- The RSES is a robust tool for evaluating research self-efficacy among early-career pharmacists in Lebanon.
- Strategies to enhance research self-efficacy include improving educational frameworks, integrating research opportunities, and promoting international collaborations.
- Further research using the validated RSES will help assess the impact of interventions aimed at strengthening pharmaceutical research capacity.
Related Concept Videos
01:29Self-Efficacy
185
Self-efficacy is the belief in one's capacity to organize and execute actions necessary to manage prospective situations. This belief significantly influences how individuals approach goals, tasks, and challenges across different domains of life.Psychological and Educational ImpactsIndividuals with strong self-efficacy are more resilient in the face of difficulties. They are more likely to adopt effective problem-solving strategies, persist through obstacles, and regulate emotions such as...
185
01:24Sources of Self-Esteem II: Performance Feedback
184
Self-esteem is intricately tied to our perception of competence and our ability to exert control over our lives. One of the primary sources of this perception is performance feedback — the ongoing evaluation of our actions in terms of success and failure. According to Franks and Marolla (1976), people derive self-worth from experiencing themselves as causal agents, capable of achieving goals and overcoming obstacles. This process nurtures a critical component of self-esteem:...
184
02:45Self-Discrepancy Theory
18.9K
One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
18.9K
02:05Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping
43.5K
People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about...
43.5K
03:00Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification
5.7K
Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
5.7K
01:30Social Foundations of Self III: Self-Evaluation
177
Self-evaluation is the process by which individuals assess their abilities, behaviors, and characteristics based on feedback from others. Charles H. Cooley observed that a person’s self-perception is primarily influenced by how others see and judge them. He suggested that individuals form their identities based on their interpretations of others' reactions. As a result, social interactions play a crucial role in shaping self-esteem and personal identity. These external evaluations often...
177