The reproductive toxicity of aggregation-induced emission nanoparticles on mouse ovarian function

Luminogens with aggregation-induced emission (AIEgens) have attracted increasing attention for biomedical applications, prompting concerns regarding their potential toxicity. Although some studies have reported the in vivo toxicity of AIEgens, their reproductive effects remain insufficiently characterized. In this study, we investigated the reproductive toxicity of a representative AIEgen, TPA-BT, encapsulated into nanoparticles (NPs), with a particular focus on ovarian function in mice. Oocyte maturation rates in vitro, body weight, and organ coefficients were evaluated following TPA-BT NPs exposure. Furthermore, oocyte apoptosis and serum hormone levels were examined. TPA-BT NPs significantly reduced oocyte maturation in a concentration-dependent manner. In vivo, high concentrations induced ovarian cell apoptosis, suppressed estrogen receptor (ERα and ERβ) expression, and disrupted anti-Müllerian hormone secretion, ultimately impairing reproductive function. These findings provide critical insights into the reproductive toxicity of AIEgens and establish a foundation for further mechanistic investigations to ensure their safe application in the biomedical field.