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Published on: December 5, 2019
National-scale distribution, ecological health risks, and water quality criteria for antimony in Chinese surface
Yue Li1, Ruiqing Zhang2, Huixian Li3
1Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Grassland Ecological Security, Ministry of Education of China and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, China.
Abstract:
This study revealed the national-scale distribution of antimony (Sb) pollution in Chinese surface waters. An analysis of 545 samples demonstrated severe contamination in mining areas of South China (SC), Southwest (SW) China, and Northwest (NW) China, with peak concentrations reaching 10,065.0 μg/L (exceeding the Chinese surface water standard by 2000 times). Region-specific human health water quality criteria (HHWQCs) were established for different age subgroups in six regions through the use of an enhanced Monte Carlo simulation method incorporating local exposure and bioaccumulation parameters. Aquatic life water quality criteria were derived from native species toxicity data via the species sensitivity distribution method. Probabilistic risk assessment indicated critically high noncarcinogenic health risks (hazard quotients (HQs) of up to 386 for children in SC) and ecological risks (risk quotient (RQ) > 1000 in SC mining areas). Prioritized control of mining/smelting discharge is urgently needed.
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