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Updated: Jan 13, 2026

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Integrated millimeter-wave cavity electro-optic transduction.

Kevin K S Multani1,2,3, Jason F Herrmann4,5, Emilio A Nanni6

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This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a superconducting electro-optic transducer for millimeter-wave frequencies. This device integrates niobium titanium nitride and lithium niobate, enabling efficient photon transduction for future communication and quantum technologies.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Emerging communication and computing technologies require expanded radio frequency spectrum into millimeter-wave (mmWave) and terahertz (THz) ranges.
  • Integration of mmWave and electro-optic technologies is crucial for both classical and quantum applications.
  • Advancements in modulators and transducers are needed for efficient signal processing at higher frequencies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate an integrated triply-resonant, superconducting electro-optic transducer operating at mmWave frequencies.
  • To investigate the performance of a device combining superconducting resonators with thin-film lithium niobate.
  • To analyze challenges and propose solutions for integrated mmWave resonator design.

Main Methods:

  • Designed and fabricated an on-chip transducer integrating a niobium titanium nitride (NbTiN) superconducting resonator (107 GHz) with a thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) optical racetrack resonator.
  • Operated the device at telecom wavelengths to measure photon transduction efficiency and single-photon electro-optic interaction rate.
  • Conducted a detailed analysis of design challenges for integrated mmWave resonators.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a maximum photon transduction efficiency (ηOE) of approximately 0.82 × 10-6.
  • Observed an average single-photon electro-optic interaction rate (g0/2π) of approximately 0.7 kHz.
  • Identified key challenges in integrated mmWave resonator design and proposed potential solutions.

Conclusions:

  • The demonstrated superconducting electro-optic transducer shows promise for efficient signal conversion at mmWave frequencies.
  • This work advances resonant electro-optic technologies for applications in next-generation communications and quantum systems.
  • The findings provide a foundation for further development of integrated mmWave devices.