Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Block Diagram Reduction01:22

Block Diagram Reduction

520
The process of deriving the transfer function of a control system often involves reducing its block diagram to a single block. This simplification can be achieved through a series of strategic operations, including relocating branch points and comparators. These operations preserve the overall function of the system while allowing for easier manipulation and combination of blocks.
The first step in this process is the identification and relocation of a branch point. A branch point, where a...
520
Norton Equivalent Circuits01:16

Norton Equivalent Circuits

731
Norton's theorem is a fundamental concept in the field of electrical engineering that allows for the simplification of complex AC circuits. The theorem states that any two-terminal linear network can be replaced with an equivalent circuit that consists of an impedance, which is parallel with a constant current source. Figure 1 shows the AC circuit portioned into two parts: Circuit A and Circuit B, while Figure 2 depicts the circuit obtained by replacing Circuit A by its Norton equivalent...
731
Network Function of a Circuit01:25

Network Function of a Circuit

625
Frequency response analysis in electrical circuits provides vital insights into a circuit's behavior as the frequency of the input signal changes. The transfer function, a mathematical tool, is instrumental in understanding this behavior. It defines the relationship between phasor output and input and comes in four types: voltage gain, current gain, transfer impedance, and transfer admittance. The critical components of the transfer function are the poles and zeros.
625
Norton's Theorem01:14

Norton's Theorem

1.4K
Norton's theorem is a fundamental principle stating that a linear two-terminal circuit can be substituted with an equivalent circuit, which comprises a current source (ⅠN) in parallel with a resistor (RN). Here, ⅠN represents the short-circuit current flowing through the terminals, and RN stands for the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when all independent sources are deactivated. This implies that the circuit illustrated in Figure (a) can be exchanged with the one depicted...
1.4K
Linear time-invariant Systems01:23

Linear time-invariant Systems

863
A system is linear if it displays the characteristics of homogeneity and additivity, together termed the superposition property. This principle is fundamental in all linear systems. Linear time-invariant (LTI) systems include systems with linear elements and constant parameters.
The input-output behavior of an LTI system can be fully defined by its response to an impulsive excitation at its input. Once this impulse response is known, the system's reaction to any other input can be...
863
Relation between Mathematical Equations and Block Diagrams01:20

Relation between Mathematical Equations and Block Diagrams

2.9K
In a spring-mass-damper system, the second-order differential equation describes the dynamic behavior of the system. When transformed into the Laplace domain under zero initial conditions, this equation can be effectively analyzed and manipulated. The transformation into the Laplace domain converts differential equations into algebraic equations, simplifying the process of isolating the output.
2.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Towards identification of novel inhibitors of EGFR mutants through in-silico approach.

Cancer treatment and research communications·2026
Same author

Naphthalene Diimide-Based Soft Materials Exhibiting High-Performance, Tunable Electrical Properties Through Side-Chain Engineering and Strong Binding Interactions with Human Hemoglobin.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2025
Same author

Pseudonormal Morphology of Salivary Gland Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Cells Subverts the Antitumor Reactivity of Immune Cells: A Tumour-Cell-Based Initiation of Immune Evasion.

Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.)·2024
Same author

STAT3 interactome predicts presence of proteins that regulate immune system in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Journal of oral biosciences·2024
Same author

Preclinical 3D-model supports an invisibility cloak for adenoid cystic carcinoma.

Scientific reports·2023
Same author

Head and Neck Cancer Immunotherapy: Molecular Biological Aspects of Preclinical and Clinical Research.

Cancers·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
05:30

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

1.1K

NFBC: an efficient FPGA based NFSR-oriented lightweight block cipher suitable for embedded system.

Runa Chatterjee1, Rajdeep Chakraborty2

  • 1Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Netaji Subhash Engineering College, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700152, India. runaseth2006@gmail.com.

Scientific Reports
|January 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces the NFSR-Based Block Cipher (NFBC), a new lightweight authenticated encryption scheme designed for constrained environments. NFBC offers robust security and high efficiency, outperforming existing lightweight cryptography candidates.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
05:30

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

1.1K

Area of Science:

  • Cryptography
  • Computer Science
  • Information Security

Background:

  • Lightweight cryptography is crucial for resource-constrained environments.
  • Existing solutions often face trade-offs between security and efficiency.
  • The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has ongoing initiatives for lightweight cryptography standardization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and evaluate the NFSR-Based Block Cipher (NFBC), a novel lightweight authenticated encryption with associated data (NAEAD) scheme.
  • To demonstrate NFBC's suitability for constrained environments requiring both high security and efficiency.
  • To provide a practical and secure cryptographic solution for Internet of Things (IoT) and embedded systems.

Main Methods:

  • Design of NFBC utilizing a Non-Linear Feedback Shift Register (NFSR), dynamic chaotic S-boxes, and a Group Permutation (GRP) mechanism.
  • Rigorous security analysis including NIST Statistical Test Suite (STS), avalanche effect, Bit Independence Criterion (BIC), nonlinearity, differential, and linear cryptanalysis.
  • Provable security analysis using branch-number calculations for theoretical guarantees.
  • FPGA implementation on a Xilinx Artix-7 for performance and hardware overhead evaluation.
  • Estimation of countermeasure overheads for side-channel and fault attack resistance.

Main Results:

  • NFBC successfully passed all 15 NIST STS tests.
  • Achieved near-ideal avalanche and BIC properties, with high nonlinearity across 200 S-box instances.
  • Demonstrated strong resistance to classical attacks with low differential and linear probabilities.
  • FPGA implementation showed superior throughput-per-area compared to NIST Round-2 and CAESAR candidates.
  • Feasible overheads for masking and fault detection indicate resistance to side-channel and fault attacks.

Conclusions:

  • NFBC is a secure and highly efficient lightweight cryptographic solution.
  • The design meets NIST requirements for data, key, and nonce sizes.
  • NFBC offers a practical and deployable option for securing constrained devices.
  • The combination of NFSR, chaotic S-boxes, and GRP provides a robust security-efficiency balance.