Osteomyelitis in HIV pathogenesis, challenges, and therapeutic strategies

Osteomyelitis, a severe bone infection, presents a significant challenge in individuals living with HIV due to immunosuppression and an increased susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens. HIV infection leads to a weakened immune system, which, in conjunction with chronic inflammation and compromised bone health, increases the risk of developing osteomyelitis. This review delves into the complex pathogenesis of osteomyelitis in HIV patients, exploring the interplay between immune dysfunction, microbial invasion, and the subsequent bone damage that occurs. The diagnosis of osteomyelitis in HIV-infected individuals is often delayed due to nonspecific symptoms and the challenge of distinguishing it from other conditions. Imaging techniques, such as MRI and CT scans, are essential for identifying bone involvement, but microbiological confirmation can be challenging due to atypical pathogens. As a result, timely intervention becomes difficult and often leads to more severe infections and complications. This review highlights these diagnostic challenges and emphasizes the need for a more efficient and accurate approach to detection.