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Motivating Self-Care and Enhancing Treatment Adherence in Elderly Type 2 Diabetes: An Extended Parallel Process Model
Malihe Kabusi1, Gholam Reza Mahmoodi-Shan2, Abdurrhman Charkazi3
1Nursing Department of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran, goums.ac.ir.
Nursing Research and Practice
|January 7, 2026
Summary
An Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) intervention significantly improved treatment adherence and self-care in elderly individuals with type 2 diabetes. This approach enhances diabetes management for older adults.
Area of Science:
- Gerontology
- Public Health
- Clinical Medicine
Background:
- Elderly individuals with type 2 diabetes often face challenges with treatment adherence and self-care.
- The Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) offers a framework for health behavior change interventions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the effectiveness of an EPPM-based intervention on treatment adherence and self-care in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes.
- To assess the impact of the intervention on key health outcomes in this demographic.
Main Methods:
- A randomized clinical trial involving 70 elderly participants (≥60 years) with type 2 diabetes.
- Participants were assigned to an intervention group or a control group.
- The intervention, based on EPPM, was delivered over 5 weeks, with posttest assessments 4 weeks after completion.
Main Results:
- The EPPM intervention group demonstrated statistically significant improvements in treatment adherence compared to the control group (p=0.001, η²=0.61).
- Significant differences were observed in total self-care scores between the groups post-intervention (p=0.01).
- The intervention explained approximately 61% of the variance in posttest outcomes.
Conclusions:
- The EPPM-based educational intervention is effective in enhancing treatment adherence and self-care among elderly patients with type 2 diabetes.
- Integrating the EPPM framework into diabetes education programs can improve patient outcomes.
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