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Related Concept Videos

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System V: CT01:28

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System V: CT

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Cardiac computed tomography (CT) scanning is an advanced cardiac imaging technique that utilizes CT technology, with or without intravenous (IV) contrast, to produce accurate cross-sectional virtual slices of specific areas of the heart, coronary circulation, and major blood vessels such as the aorta, pulmonary veins, and arteries. The computer processes these slices to generate three-dimensional images. Multidetector CT (MDCT) is a rapid form of CT scanning that captures multiple slices...
276
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

C-arm-Free Simultaneous OLIF51 and Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation in a Single Lateral Position
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C-arm-Free Simultaneous OLIF51 and Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation in a Single Lateral Position

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Fluoroscopic C2 selective nerve root block enabled with CT angiogram.

Christopher Zarembinski1, J Patrick Johnson1

  • 1The Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, 444 S San Vicente Blvd, Suite 1101, Los Angeles, USA.

Interventional Pain Medicine
|January 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Computed tomography angiography (CTA) is crucial for precisely locating the vertebral artery (VA) before performing C2 nerve root blocks. This imaging technique helps ensure patient safety during procedures for occipital neuralgia.

Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Radiology
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Vertebral artery (VA) anatomy varies near C1-C2 vertebrae, posing risks for cervical spine procedures.
Keywords:
C1 posterior archC2 nerve root blockCerebellar astrocytomaComputed tomography angiographyLateral atlanto-axial jointVertebral artery

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  • A patient with a history of cerebellar astrocytoma needed a C2 nerve root block for occipital neuralgia.
  • Previous C1 arch excision raised concerns about the VA's precise location.