Bioenergy pathways within United States net zero CO₂ emissions scenarios in the Energy Modeling Forum 37 study

The Energy Modeling Forum 37 study is organized around carbon dioxide (CO₂) mitigation scenarios reaching net zero CO₂ emissions by 2050 in the United States. This paper summarizes the potential contribution of bioenergy use in the electric power, transportation, industrial, and buildings sectors towards meeting that target based on model results. Thirteen modeling teams reported bioenergy consumption in the Reference and Net Zero scenarios. Consumption of bioenergy increased over time in the Reference scenario, from an average across models of 3.2 exajoules (EJ) in 2020 to 3.8 EJ in 2050. Average bioenergy consumption in 2050 increased further to 7.3 EJ in the Net Zero scenario. All scenarios that reach net zero emissions required some form of carbon dioxide removal to offset difficult to abate sectors. Carbon dioxide removal using bioenergy with CO₂ capture and storage (BECCS) varies widely across models, up to 1,000 Mt CO₂ in 2050. Some models rely instead on direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS), up to 2,200 Mt CO₂, and others use a combination of BECCS and DACCS. Model results show a strong inverse relationship between the amounts of BECCS and DACCS deployed. All modeling teams assumed a carbon sink from land use, land use change, and forestry, further offsetting a portion of emissions from fossil fuels and industry that are expensive to eliminate. Bioenergy consumption in 2050 decreased by an average of 1.5 EJ across eight models in a Net Zero+ scenario relative to the Net Zero scenario, due in part to a lower equilibrium carbon price resulting from optimistic cost assumptions for all energy technologies.