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Related Concept Videos

The Carbon Cycle01:14

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Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
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Carbon-dioxide Fixation01:28

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Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...
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Environmental Applications of Microorganisms01:30

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Microorganisms play a pivotal role in maintaining ecosystem balance by recycling essential elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as supporting processes like bioremediation, wastewater treatment, and biofuel production.Microbes in Elemental CyclesIn the carbon cycle, microorganisms decompose organic matter, releasing carbon dioxide via aerobic respiration. This carbon dioxide is subsequently used by photosynthetic organisms to synthesize organic compounds, closing the...
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Bioremediation00:46

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Global Climate Change01:50

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Updated: Sep 8, 2025

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Carbon Management Technology Pathways for Reaching a U.S. Economy-Wide Net-Zero Emissions Goal.

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Achieving net-zero carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 2050 in the U.S. heavily relies on carbon dioxide removal technologies like point source carbon dioxide capture and storage (PSCCS) and direct air capture of carbon dioxide (DACCS). Without these, net-zero goals become significantly more expensive and potentially unattainable.

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Area of Science:

  • Climate Change Modeling
  • Energy Systems Analysis
  • Carbon Management Technologies

Background:

  • The 37th Energy Modeling Forum (EMF 37) convened to analyze pathways to net-zero CO2 emissions in the U.S. by 2050.
  • Key technology suites, including point source carbon dioxide capture and storage (PSCCS), direct air capture of carbon dioxide (DACCS), and hydrogen systems (H2), were central to the investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of PSCCS, DACCS, and H2 in achieving U.S. net-zero CO2 emissions by 2050.
  • To quantify the impact of these technologies on the cost and feasibility of net-zero pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Seven distinct scenarios were designed and simulated.
  • Up to 13 energy models were employed to analyze each scenario.
  • Sensitivity analyses were conducted for hydrogen systems.

Main Results:

  • Carbon dioxide removal technologies, particularly PSCCS and DACCS, were found to be essential for most successful net-zero pathways.
  • Excluding PSCCS and/or DACCS increased the marginal cost of achieving net-zero emissions by 2 to 10 times.
  • DACCS deployment as a backstop technology occurred at carbon prices between $250-$500/ton CO2, contingent on assumed costs.
  • An average CO2 capture rate of 1.3 GtCO2/year was projected for 2050, indicating a need for significant infrastructure development.
  • Hydrogen (H2) played a smaller role, primarily in hard-to-decarbonize sectors.

Conclusions:

  • Reaching net-zero CO2 emissions in the U.S. by 2050 is highly challenging, if not impossible, without significant deployment of carbon capture and storage technologies.
  • The cost of achieving net-zero emissions escalates dramatically in the absence of PSCCS and DACCS.
  • Hydrogen shows potential for specific applications but is not a primary driver for overall net-zero achievement in most modeled scenarios.