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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Development and Functionalization of Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Biomarker Detection
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Impedimetric Graphene-Based Gold Immunosensor for Colorectal Cancer Biomarker CCSP‑2 Detection.

Brian J Sánchez Colón1, Ruma Paul2, Yermary Morales-Lozada2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico.

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|January 8, 2026
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Summary

A novel graphene-gold immunosensor detects colon cancer-secreted protein-2 (CCSP-2) for early colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. This sensitive biosensor offers a promising alternative to invasive diagnostic methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Oncology Diagnostics

Background:

  • Colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosis is challenging due to the limitations of current screening methods like colonoscopy.
  • Early detection of CRC is crucial for improving patient outcomes and survival rates.
  • Biomarkers such as colon cancer-secreted protein-2 (CCSP-2) show promise for non-invasive CRC detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a sensitive and selective electrochemical immunosensor for the early detection of colorectal cancer (CRC).
  • To target colon cancer-secreted protein-2 (CCSP-2), a biomarker overexpressed in CRC patients.
  • To create a potential point-of-care device for CRC screening.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a graphene-gold (GO/Au) based electrochemical immunosensor using 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) linker.
  • Immobilization of CCSP-2 antibodies and blocking with bovine serum albumin (BSA).
  • Characterization using electrochemical techniques (LSV, CV, EIS) and Raman spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • Successful fabrication and modification of the immunosensor confirmed by characterization techniques.
  • The graphene oxide layer enhanced current response and electron transfer.
  • The immunosensor exhibited a linear response (R² = 0.979) for CCSP-2 concentrations from 1 ng/μL to 100 ng/μL, with a LOD of 0.17 ng/μL and sensitivity of 0.031 (ng/μL)⁻¹.
  • Demonstrated selectivity for CRC cell extracts (CACO-2) over human kidney extracts (HEK).

Conclusions:

  • The developed graphene-gold electrochemical immunosensor is a reliable and sensitive platform for CCSP-2 detection.
  • The sensor shows significant potential for early CRC screening and diagnosis.
  • The platform can be adapted for point-of-care applications, improving accessibility for CRC detection.