Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes01:10

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

3.2K
In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.
3.2K
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:20

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

4.8K
The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
The relation  between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...
4.8K
Entropy and Solvation02:05

Entropy and Solvation

8.2K
The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
8.2K
Energy Associated With a Charge Distribution01:21

Energy Associated With a Charge Distribution

1.9K
The work done to bring a charge through a distance r is given by the potential difference between the initial and the final position. To assemble a collection of point charges, the total work done can be expressed in terms of the product of each pair of charges divided by their separation distance, defined with respect to a suitable origin. Solving this expression gives the energy stored in a point charge distribution.
1.9K
Entropy within the Cell01:22

Entropy within the Cell

12.7K
A living cell's primary tasks of obtaining, transforming, and using energy to do work may seem simple. However, the second law of thermodynamics explains why these tasks are harder than they appear. None of the energy transfers in the universe are completely efficient. In every energy transfer, some amount of energy is lost in a form that is unusable. In most cases, this form is heat energy. Thermodynamically, heat energy is defined as the energy transferred from one system to another that...
12.7K
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

17.2K
When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
17.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Construction of the Reactive Primary-Secondary Antioxidant Synergistic System with Multi-Mechanisms for Enhancing Thermo-Oxidative Aging Resistance of NBR.

ACS omega·2026
Same author

A High-Impedance Grounding Fault Identification Method for Mining Cables in Non-Effectively Grounded Systems of Coal Mine Power Grids Based on Steady-State Impedance Analysis-Holmes-Duffing.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Low-Curing Temperature Phenylethynyl-Terminated Polyimide Resin Grafted with Carborane Nanocages: Enhanced Heat Resistance and Neutron Shielding.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2025
Same author

Lightweight Polyimide Foam-Derived Carbon Foam with Anisotropic Porous Structure for Efficient Hydrophobicity and High-Temperature Thermal Insulation at 1000 °C.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2025
Same author

Anisotropic and Lightweight Silica Aerogel-Doped Copolymerized Polyimide Foams Fabricated by Combining Microwave-Assisted Foaming and Freeze-Drying for High-Temperature Thermal Insulation and Hydrophobic Applications.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2025
Same author

Confirmation bias through selective readout of information encoded in human parietal cortex.

Nature communications·2025
Same journal

Evidence for abstract spatial concept learning in young animals.

Cognition·2026
Same journal

Blurred lines or clear boundaries? Synchrony and social dominance shape domain-specific self-other processing.

Cognition·2026
Same journal

Knowability predicts curiosity and learning.

Cognition·2026
Same journal

Throwing good effort after bad: Evidence for a sunk-cost effect in cognitive effort-based decision-making.

Cognition·2026
Same journal

Cross-linguistic differences in incremental planning under uncertainty.

Cognition·2026
Same journal

Sensory attenuation scales with the strength of action-outcome coupling: A psychophysical study.

Cognition·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing Large-Scale Neural Dynamics Through HD-MEA Technology
09:44

Author Spotlight: Advancing Large-Scale Neural Dynamics Through HD-MEA Technology

Published on: March 8, 2024

5.7K

Dynamics of efficient ensemble coding.

Long Ni1, Alan A Stocker1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America.

Cognition
|January 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Efficient ensemble coding relies on simultaneous presentation of reference and stimulus arrays. Temporal delays disrupt this process, reducing accuracy by interfering with sensory representations.

Keywords:
AdaptationBounded rationalityHierarchical Bayesian modelInlier/outlierSensory integration“Robust averaging”

More Related Videos

Photodiode-Based Optical Imaging for Recording Network Dynamics with Single-Neuron Resolution in Non-Transgenic Invertebrates
10:18

Photodiode-Based Optical Imaging for Recording Network Dynamics with Single-Neuron Resolution in Non-Transgenic Invertebrates

Published on: July 9, 2020

3.3K
Age-dependent Dynamics of Locomotion in Caenorhabditis elegans: A Lyapunov Exponent Analysis
06:44

Age-dependent Dynamics of Locomotion in Caenorhabditis elegans: A Lyapunov Exponent Analysis

Published on: September 23, 2025

492

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing Large-Scale Neural Dynamics Through HD-MEA Technology
09:44

Author Spotlight: Advancing Large-Scale Neural Dynamics Through HD-MEA Technology

Published on: March 8, 2024

5.7K
Photodiode-Based Optical Imaging for Recording Network Dynamics with Single-Neuron Resolution in Non-Transgenic Invertebrates
10:18

Photodiode-Based Optical Imaging for Recording Network Dynamics with Single-Neuron Resolution in Non-Transgenic Invertebrates

Published on: July 9, 2020

3.3K
Age-dependent Dynamics of Locomotion in Caenorhabditis elegans: A Lyapunov Exponent Analysis
06:44

Age-dependent Dynamics of Locomotion in Caenorhabditis elegans: A Lyapunov Exponent Analysis

Published on: September 23, 2025

492

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Sensory Perception

Background:

  • Ensemble coding compresses stimulus information.
  • Item weighting within an ensemble is not uniform.
  • Efficient coding dynamically adapts sensory precision based on stimulus statistics relative to a reference.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the temporal dynamics of efficient ensemble coding.
  • Determine how the relative timing of reference and ensemble stimuli affects coding efficiency.
  • Elucidate the underlying mechanism of relative efficient ensemble code formation.

Main Methods:

  • Participant behavioral experiments probing decision-making.
  • Modeling analysis to assess coding efficiency and accuracy.
  • Varying the temporal presentation of reference and ensemble stimuli.

Main Results:

  • Simultaneous presentation of reference and ensemble stimuli maximizes efficient ensemble coding.
  • Asynchronous presentation, particularly with the ensemble preceding the reference, significantly weakens efficient coding.
  • Reduced coding efficiency correlates with decreased decision accuracy in asynchronous conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Efficient ensemble coding requires simultaneous sensory representations of reference and ensemble stimuli.
  • Temporal offsets disrupt the dynamic reallocation of coding resources.
  • The process is not driven by attention or decision-stage evidence selection but by fast, simultaneous sensory interactions.