Basic principles of ultrasound applied to infectious diseases

Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is an increasingly valuable diagnostic tool in infectious diseases, offering real-time, bedside imaging without radiation. It enables the detection of key findings such as fluid collections, lung consolidations, abscesses, and cardiac involvement, supporting rapid diagnosis, targeted interventions, and improved outcomes. This article reviews the fundamental physical principles of ultrasound - wave propagation, acoustic impedance, resolution, and artifacts - along with technical aspects like image acquisition, probe selection, and optimization strategies. Typical sonographic appearances of pus, effusions, and vegetations are discussed, with emphasis on key interpretative elements. POCUS is presented as a clinical extension of the physical exam, enhancing bedside assessment and decision-making. Despite its many advantages, safe and effective use requires appropriate training and awareness of its limitations. This review supports the integration of point-of-care ultrasound into the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to infectious disease management.