Beyond biohazards: teaching forensic biology practicals with synthetic and non-human samples

Practical laboratory classes are essential in forensic biology education, providing valuable hands-on experience that bridges theoretical knowledge and real-world practices. However, delivering authentic, safe, and legally compliant practical experiences presents significant challenges, particularly for programmes lacking access to specialised biohazard laboratories. The authors outline the development and implementation of synthetic alternatives to human body fluids, specifically saliva and semen, to minimise biohazard risks, alongside the in-house production of amylase detection paper (adapted from Phadebas® tablets), as a cost-effective alternative to expensive commercial options, helping resource-limited departments provide high-quality laboratory experiences for forensic and crime scene science students. The work highlights the collaborative efforts of teaching and technical staff across institutions in developing these solutions, to support students in realistic forensic casework simulations while maintaining safety, legal compliance, and inclusivity. These innovations demonstrate how practical challenges in resource-limited departments can be overcome through sustainability-conscious design and pedagogical creativity, contributing to the wider goals of Education for Sustainable Development.