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Reference Values for Normal Wrist Parameters in the Thai Population
Sirisak Chaitantipongse1, Sutee Thaveepunsan1, Sitthiphong Suwannaphisit1
1Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand.
The Journal of Hand Surgery Asian-Pacific Volume
|January 9, 2026
Summary
This study establishes normal wrist parameter reference values for the Thai population, revealing significant sex-based differences. These findings are crucial for accurately treating distal radius fractures in Thais.
Area of Science:
- Orthopaedic surgery
- Radiology
- Anthropometry
Background:
- Radiological wrist parameters are vital for assessing distal radius fracture treatment outcomes.
- Current reference values for Thai populations are based on Western data, potentially leading to inaccuracies.
- Accurate restoration of the distal radius is key for optimal functional recovery.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine normative reference values for key wrist parameters in the Thai population.
- To investigate sex-based and side-based differences in these parameters.
- To provide population-specific data for clinical and research applications.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of 200 posteroanterior (PA) and lateral wrist radiographs by two orthopaedic hand surgeons.
- Measurement of radial height, radial inclination, ulnar variance, and volar tilt using the central reference point (CRP).
- Assessment of interobserver reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).
Main Results:
- Established mean values: radial height (10.7 ± 1.3 mm), radial inclination (22.8° ± 2.4°), ulnar variance (-0.2 ± 1.2 mm), and volar tilt (13.5° ± 3.0°).
- Significant sex-based differences observed: males had higher radial height; females had higher radial inclination, ulnar variance, and volar tilt.
- Excellent interobserver reliability for radial inclination (ICC=0.92) and ulnar variance (ICC=0.93); good reliability for radial height (ICC=0.90) and volar tilt (ICC=0.79).
Conclusions:
- Normative wrist parameter reference values for the Thai population have been established.
- Notable sex-based differences exist, particularly a higher volar tilt in Thais compared to Western populations.
- These Thai-specific values can enhance distal radius fracture treatment, implant design, and AI database development.
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