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Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes significantly to the inflammation seen in Crohn's disease. It exists as soluble TNF and membrane-bound TNF, with actions mediated through TNF receptors (TNFR). TNFR activation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, collagen production, and leukocyte migration, all contributing to inflammation in Crohn's disease. Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies, namely infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab...
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Glucocorticoids, a class of anti-inflammatory drugs, are pivotal in treating moderate to severe Crohn's disease by inducing remission. They exhibit their anti-inflammatory action by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, and chemokines like IL-8. In addition, they reduce the expression of inflammatory cell adhesion molecules and inhibit gene transcription of nitric oxide synthase, phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase-2...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Experimental Demyelination and Remyelination of Murine Spinal Cord by Focal Injection of Lysolecithin
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Cladribine for people with multiple sclerosis.

Maria Grazia Celani1, Massimiliano Orso2, Marta Melis3

  • 1Dpt of Neurophysiopathology, Perugia General Hospital, Perugia, Italy.

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|January 9, 2026
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Cladribine likely reduces relapses and may decrease MRI lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS), but its effect on disability progression is uncertain. Further research is needed to confirm benefits and safety.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience and Immunology
  • Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune CNS disease driven by T and B cell inflammation.
  • Cladribine targets lymphocyte depletion to reduce inflammation and potentially slow MS progression.

Conclusions:

  • Cladribine, an oral MS treatment, likely reduces relapses and may decrease MRI lesions but shows uncertain effects on disability progression.
  • Long-term data suggest potential for increased No Evidence of Disease Activity (NEDA) at four years.
  • Further high-quality trials and registries are needed to strengthen the evidence base for cladribine's benefits and safety profile.