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Shock Waves01:16

Shock Waves

While deriving the Doppler formula for the observed frequency of a sound wave, it is assumed that the speed of sound in the medium is greater than the source's speed through it. When this condition is breached, a shock wave occurs.
When the source's speed approaches the speed of sound, constructive interference between successive wavefronts emitted by the source occurs immediately behind it. Initially, scientists believed that this constructive interference would result in such high pressures...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Investigations on Alterations of Hippocampal Circuit Function Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
10:59

Investigations on Alterations of Hippocampal Circuit Function Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

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High frequency head impact exposure changes hippocampal sharp-wave ripple architecture.

Daniel P Chapman1,2, Margaret S Sten1,2, Stefano Vicini2,3

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America.

Plos One
|January 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary

High-frequency head impacts (HFHI) in mice impair cognitive function by altering hippocampal sharp-wave ripples (SWR). These changes reduce SWR amplitude and power, suggesting a novel neural biomarker for head impact injuries.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sports Medicine
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Repeated head impacts in sports cause cognitive deficits without apparent brain pathology.
  • High-frequency head impact (HFHI) in mice alters synaptic function and impairs cognition.
  • The effect of HFHI on intrinsic neural plasticity and potential biomarkers remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how HFHI affects hippocampal sharp-wave ripples (SWR).
  • To determine if SWR can serve as a neural biomarker for HFHI.
  • To characterize changes in SWR architecture following HFHI.

Main Methods:

  • Acute hippocampal slices were prepared from HFHI and sham mice 24 hours post-impact.
  • Field recordings were used to characterize spontaneous sharp-wave ripples (SWR).
  • SWR amplitude, power, ripple cycle count, and ripple power were quantified.

Main Results:

  • Physiological SWR were present in both HFHI and sham groups, with grossly intact architecture.
  • HFHI mice exhibited significantly decreased SWR amplitude and power compared to sham controls.
  • Reduced number of ripple cycles per event and diminished ripple power were observed in HFHI brains.

Conclusions:

  • HFHI alters hippocampal SWR architecture, specifically reducing SWR amplitude and power.
  • These SWR alterations may contribute to the cognitive impairments observed in the HFHI mouse model.
  • SWR changes represent a potential neural biomarker for detecting the effects of HFHI.