The Use of Simulators in Training for Bovine Reproductive Procedures: A Scoping Review.

Area of Science:

• Veterinary Medicine
• Animal Reproduction
• Educational Technology

Background:

• Traditional bovine reproduction training relies on live animals and specimens, raising ethical and practical concerns.
• Simulation-based education (SBE) offers a low-risk, structured alternative for skill acquisition.
• Concerns include animal stress, procedural variability, logistical challenges, and student anxiety.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and synthesize evidence on validated simulators for bovine reproductive procedures.
• To emphasize simulators used for artificial insemination, transrectal palpation, and pregnancy diagnosis.
• To assess simulator typologies, validation, implementation, and educational outcomes.

Main Methods:

• Scoping review following Arksey and O'Malley's framework.
• Comprehensive search of three international databases.
• Analysis of 13 eligible studies on bovine reproductive simulators.

Main Results:

• Simulators vary from low-cost handmade models to high-fidelity haptic and hybrid systems.
• Simulator training consistently improves anatomical knowledge, technical skills, and confidence.
• Training reduces anxiety and the need for novice practice on live animals.

Conclusions:

• Simulation-based training is a valuable, ethical tool for veterinary education, enhancing the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement).
• Inconsistent validation standards and limited representation of *Bos indicus* anatomy are key limitations.
• Future development should focus on rigorous validation, anatomical accuracy, and accessibility through modular designs.