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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors01:19

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α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
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Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
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Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood...
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
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Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

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Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a...
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Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes
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Influence of Certain Natural Bioactive Compounds on Glycemic Control: A Narrative Review.

Marta Pelczyńska1, Starosta Szymon2, Michał Konieczny2

  • 1Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego Street, 60-355 Poznan, Poland.

Nutrients
|January 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Natural compounds like resveratrol and curcumin show promise for improving blood glucose regulation and insulin sensitivity. These substances may offer a safer alternative or adjunct therapy for managing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.

Keywords:
bioactive compoundscurcuminglycemic controlmannoheptuloseresveratrolsteviosidesβ-carotene

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Area of Science:

  • Metabolic Health
  • Nutraceuticals and Therapeutics
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Glycemic control disorders, including insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), are significant global health issues.
  • Current antidiabetic therapies face challenges with patient tolerance and adherence.
  • There is a need for natural compounds with fewer adverse effects to support glycemic regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the potential of selected natural substances for blood glucose regulation.
  • To evaluate compounds like mannoheptulose, β-carotene, resveratrol, steviol glycosides, and curcumin.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies.
  • Focus on compounds' effects on metabolic pathways, insulin sensitivity, oxidative stress, and pancreatic β-cell function.
  • Examination of molecular mechanisms, including AMPK activation and GLUT4 expression.

Main Results:

  • Selected natural compounds modulate key metabolic pathways and enhance insulin sensitivity.
  • These agents can reduce oxidative stress and support pancreatic β-cell function.
  • Combinations with conventional drugs like metformin show promising synergistic effects.

Conclusions:

  • Natural bioactive compounds demonstrate potential as adjuncts for managing glycemic disorders.
  • Mechanisms involve AMPK activation, increased GLUT4 expression, and improved insulin sensitivity gene expression.
  • Further clinical research is required to establish optimal dosages, protocols, and long-term safety.