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Energy Evolution and Fine Structure Effects in Typical Rocks Subjected to Impact Loading.
Ding Deng1,2, Gaofeng Liu2, Lianjun Guo2
1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China.
Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 10, 2026
Summary
This study examined rock behavior under impact loading. Basalt showed the highest strength, while sandstones were more ductile, revealing key insights into rock failure mechanisms for engineering applications.
Area of Science:
- Geotechnical Engineering
- Materials Science
- Rock Mechanics
Background:
- Understanding rock material behavior under dynamic impact is crucial for mining and civil engineering.
- Previous studies have focused on static properties, with less emphasis on dynamic responses and energy dissipation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the mechanical behavior and energy evolution of diverse rock types under impact loading.
- To analyze the relationship between mineral composition, microstructure, and failure mechanisms.
- To develop a model for characterizing rock responses based on strength, energy, and time density.
Main Methods:
- Dynamic impact tests using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) apparatus.
- X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for mineralogical and microstructural analysis.
- Introduction of an energy-time density index and fractal analysis.
Main Results:
- Basalt, blue sandstone, and granite exhibited brittle failure; red and green sandstones showed greater ductility.
- Energy-time density ranking: green sandstone > red sandstone > granite > blue sandstone > basalt.
- Confirmed the link between mineralogy, microstructure, and fragmentation, with intergranular to transgranular fracture being key.
- Higher fractal dimensions correlated with complex microcracks and energy dissipation intensity.
Conclusions:
- Established a dynamic strength-energy-time density mapping model for rock material characterization.
- Identified intergranular to transgranular fracture transition as the primary mechanism in impact pulverization.
- Findings offer significant theoretical value and practical applications for mining excavation and rock mass stability assessment.
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