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3D Bioprinting Strategies in Autoimmune Disease Models.

Natalia Wiewiórska-Krata1,2, Bartosz Foroncewicz2,3, Radosław Zagożdżon1,3,4

  • 1Laboratory of Cellular and Genetic Therapies, Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|January 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Three-dimensional bioprinting offers advanced in vitro models for studying autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes. This technology holds promise for drug screening and personalized medicine by creating complex, patient-specific immune models.

Keywords:
autoimmune diseasesbioprintingdisease modellingprecision medicinetreatment response

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Immunology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Autoimmune diseases (AD) involve chronic immune responses, making them suitable for in vitro modeling.
  • Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting enables the creation of intricate, multicellular tissue architectures that mimic native environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current applications of 3D bioprinting in modeling various autoimmune diseases.
  • To highlight advancements in bioinks, vascularization, and integration with organoid and organ-on-chip systems.
  • To discuss the translational potential for biomarker discovery, drug screening, and personalized treatment prediction.

Main Methods:

  • Review of bioprinting modalities and immune-competent bioink development.
  • Analysis of strategies for vascularization and hybridization with organoids/organ-on-chip systems.
  • Examination of clinical applications and patient-derived models.

Main Results:

  • 3D bioprinting is advancing the creation of complex tissue models for rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, lupus, and multiple sclerosis.
  • Progress has been made in immune-competent bioinks, vascularization techniques, and integration with other advanced in vitro systems.
  • Patient-derived models show potential for drug screening and predicting treatment responses.

Conclusions:

  • 3D bioprinting shows significant promise for modeling autoimmune diseases and advancing preclinical development and precision medicine.
  • Key challenges include replicating full immune complexity, achieving stable vasculature, and ensuring long-term tissue function.
  • Future directions focus on overcoming these challenges to enhance clinical utility and impact.