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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
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Adaptive Localization-Free Secure Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks.

Ayman Alharbi1, Saleh Ibrahim2,3

  • 1Department of Computer Engineering and Networks, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia.

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|January 10, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces an adaptive routing protocol for underwater acoustic networks (UANs) that dynamically adjusts forwarding probability to resist depth-spoofing attacks and conserve energy. The novel approach ensures high packet delivery ratios while optimizing network performance.

Keywords:
depth-based routingsecure routingunderwater acoustic networks

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Networking
  • Cybersecurity

Background:

  • Depth-based probabilistic routing (DPR) is an efficient underwater acoustic network (UAN) routing protocol.
  • DPR's effectiveness is challenged by dynamic network conditions and threat states, impacting packet delivery ratio (PDR) and energy consumption.
  • Static forwarding probabilities in DPR can lead to PDR drops or energy waste.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel adaptive routing protocol for UANs.
  • To enable continuous adaptation of unqualified forwarding probability based on real-time network state.
  • To achieve an application-controlled desired delivery ratio while enhancing resilience to depth-spoofing attacks.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a novel routing protocol with a feedback mechanism.
  • Implementation of three proposed update algorithms for adaptive probability adjustment.
  • Performance analysis through extensive network simulations.

Main Results:

  • The proposed adaptive routing protocol demonstrates resilience to depth-spoofing attacks.
  • Achieved over 80% packet delivery ratio in more than 95% of simulated networks.
  • Successfully avoided unnecessary unqualified forwarding during normal network conditions, conserving energy.

Conclusions:

  • The adaptive routing protocol effectively balances PDR and energy efficiency in UANs.
  • The feedback mechanism allows for dynamic optimization of routing strategies.
  • This approach enhances the security and reliability of UANs against sophisticated attacks.