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Related Concept Videos

Microcracking in Concrete01:20

Microcracking in Concrete

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Microcracking in concrete refers to the tiny cracks that can form within the material even before any external load is applied. These microcracks typically occur at the interface between the coarse aggregate and the hydrated cement paste, often as a result of differential volume changes prompted by variations in stress-strain behavior, as well as thermal and moisture movement. Initially, these microcracks remain stable and do not grow substantially until the concrete is stressed to about 30...
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Fineness of Cement01:15

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The fineness of cement directly influences the rate of hydration, as the hydration begins at the surface of the cement particles. In addition to hydration, the fineness of cement is vital for various properties of concrete including workability, gypsum requirement, and long-term behavior. The fineness of cement is represented in terms of the specific surface of cement which is typically measured in square meters per kilogram, with several methods available for this determination.
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Soundness of Cement01:17

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The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create...
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Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

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The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
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Air content measurement in concrete is critical for ensuring structural integrity and durability of concrete structures, especially in environments prone to severe weather conditions. Accurate air content analysis optimizes concrete's resistance to freeze-thaw cycles and enhances its workability and strength. Several methods are standardized under ASTM guidelines to measure the air content in fresh concrete, each suitable for different concrete types and conditions.
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Fractional-Order Ultrasonic Sensing for Monitoring Microstructural Evolution in Cementitious Materials.

Haoran Zheng1, Chao Lu1, Xiaoxiong Zhou1

  • 1College of Electrical Engineering and Control Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 10, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a physics-based ultrasonic method using a fractional-order model to monitor cement hydration. It accurately tracks material changes, improving concrete quality assessment.

Keywords:
early-age monitoringfractional viscoelasticityhydrationultrasonic attenuation

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Civil Engineering
  • Acoustics

Background:

  • Early-age monitoring of cementitious materials is crucial for concrete structure integrity.
  • Existing ultrasonic methods often lack physics-based models for hydration's viscoelastic transition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a physics-informed ultrasonic sensing framework for early-age cementitious material characterization.
  • To quantitatively link microstructural evolution with acoustic responses during hydration.

Main Methods:

  • Coupling a fractional Zener viscoelastic model with ultrasonic attenuation theory.
  • Developing a custom ultrasonic system for real-time attenuation measurement during hydration.
  • Investigating different water-cement ratios.

Main Results:

  • The fractional-order model demonstrated superior accuracy and robustness compared to integer-order and empirical models.
  • The fractional parameter β effectively indicates the shift from viscous to elastic behavior, correlating with hydration.
  • Real-time attenuation data provided insights into microstructural changes.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed fractional-order ultrasonic framework offers a reliable, physics-based approach for early-age cementitious material monitoring.
  • This method enhances understanding of hydration dynamics and material property evolution.
  • Potential applications include intelligent construction and advanced structural health monitoring.