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3D-Printed Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(ethylene glycol) Scaffolds with Shape-Memory Effect near Physiological Temperature.

Anastasia A Fetisova1,2, Abdullah Bin Firoz2, Alexandr S Lozhkomoev2,3

  • 1International Research and Development Center Piezo- and Magnetoelectric Materials, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenina Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia.

Polymers
|January 10, 2026
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Summary

Poly(lactic acid) scaffolds with poly(ethylene glycol) showed shape-memory effects. Optimal PLA/10 PEG scaffolds recovered 97% shape at 40°C, ideal for bone tissue engineering.

Keywords:
3D printingadditive manufacturingshape-memory polymertissue engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Polymer Science
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Biocompatible poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a promising material for tissue engineering scaffolds.
  • Enhancing PLA's properties, such as its shape-memory effect, is crucial for advanced applications.
  • Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) can be used as a plasticizer to modify PLA's characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) concentration on the thermal, crystalline, and shape-memory properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) gyroid scaffolds.
  • To explore the influence of gyroid structure (50% infill density) on these properties.
  • To determine the optimal composition and structure for low-temperature shape-memory performance relevant to bone tissue engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing was used to create gyroid TPMS scaffolds with varying PLA/PEG ratios (10, 15, 20 wt.% PEG).
  • Thermal transitions and crystallinity were analyzed using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD).
  • Shape-memory performance was evaluated by measuring shape recovery ratios and times at 40°C and 50°C, complemented by ATR-FTIR and SEM analysis.

Main Results:

  • PEG addition plasticized the PLA matrix, affecting thermal transitions and crystallinity.
  • The optimal composition (PLA/10 PEG) with a 50% gyroid infill density achieved a high shape recovery ratio (97 ± 1%) at 40°C within 6 ± 1 min.
  • Shape-memory performance was significantly influenced by both PEG concentration and the gyroid scaffold's structural design.

Conclusions:

  • PLA-PEG gyroid scaffolds fabricated via FFF exhibit tunable low-temperature shape-memory properties.
  • The optimal PLA/10 PEG composition demonstrates efficient shape recovery near physiological temperatures, making it suitable for bone tissue engineering.
  • This study highlights the potential of compositional and structural control in developing advanced biomaterials for regenerative medicine.