Personalized Low Protein Products Produced with a 3D Food Printer for Inherited Metabolic Diseases on Restricted Diet

In intoxication-type inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs), strict protein restriction is vital; noncompliance may lead to coma or death. Meat and eggs are prohibited lifelong. This study developed personalized low-protein (LP) alternatives and chewable amino acid supplements to improve dietary adherence, palatability, and overall quality of life.

LP meat, egg, and amino acid-based candy prototypes were produced using a three-dimensional (3D) food printer. Proximate composition, color, texture, and pH measurements were performed. Sensory evaluation was conducted with 15 patients.

Fifteen patients with IMDs participated in sensory testing of 3D-printed LP foods. Visual and overall acceptability scores were high, with 93.3% expressing willingness to include products in their diets. Isoleucine and valine soft candies (SCs) and LP meat analogs received the highest ratings for texture and appearance. Arginine SC scored lower in taste and texture, aligning with instrumental softness data. Open-ended feedback emphasized emotional and dietary impact. Texture profile analysis and proximate composition confirmed feasibility of protein restriction with preserved palatability.

3D food printing provides visually and texturally acceptable LP options for patients with IMDs, enhancing dietary adherence and social participation. This pioneering study is the first to develop LP meat and egg analogs, offering significant contributions to the field.