Preparation of diverse porphyrins-based hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks for photodynamic cancer therapy

As a promising noninvasive approach, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has received considerable attention attributed to its preciseness and low toxicity. However, its therapeutic efficacy is largely dependent on the ability of photosensitizers to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, a systematic comparison of hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) constructed from different porphyrin units demonstrated that TCPP-Cu-HOF exhibited the narrowest bandgap and the highest ROS generation efficiency under 650 nm laser irradiation, leading to outstanding PDT performance at the cellular level. Based on these results, TCPP-Cu-HOF was further selected for in vivo evaluation, where effective antitumor efficacy was achieved. This work provides a facile synthesis method for HOF nanoparticles and further expands their potential applications in biomedical fields.