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CRISPR

CRISPR

Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...

What is Genetic Engineering?

What is Genetic Engineering?

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...

Homologous Recombination

Homologous Recombination

The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Establishment of Genome-edited Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines: From Targeting to Isolation

Establishment of Genome-edited Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines: From Targeting to Isolation

Published on: February 2, 2016

Protoplast-Based Functional Genomics and Genome Editing: Progress, Challenges and Applications.

Jo-Wei Allison Hsieh¹, Fu-Hui Wu², Dian-Xuan Yang³

¹The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.

Plant, Cell & Environment

|January 12, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Plant protoplast systems enable precise study of plant responses and gene regulation. Advances in protoplast regeneration and CRISPR/Cas editing offer new avenues for crop improvement and stress tolerance development.

Keywords:

CRISPR regeneration single‐cell transcriptome transgene‐free gene editing

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Last Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Establishment of Genome-edited Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines: From Targeting to Isolation

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Published on: February 2, 2016

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Genome Editing in Mammalian Cell Lines using CRISPR-Cas

Genome Editing in Mammalian Cell Lines using CRISPR-Cas

Published on: April 11, 2019

Area of Science:

Plant Biology
Molecular Biology
Biotechnology

Background:

Protoplast-based systems allow direct delivery of molecules into plant cells, facilitating study of plant responses.
These systems are crucial for dissecting plant signaling, stress adaptation, and gene regulation in various species.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and categorize 1050 articles on protoplast-based systems.
To highlight advances in protoplast technology for plant science and crop improvement.
To explore applications in cellular reprogramming, protoplast fusion, and gene editing.

Main Methods:

Systematic review and analysis of 1050 published articles.
Categorization based on delivery methods, research focus, plant species, and tissue types.
Integration of recent advancements like single-cell transcriptomics and CRISPR/Cas ribonucleoprotein (RNP) editing.

Main Results:

Protoplast systems are versatile for molecular dissection of plant responses.
Single-cell transcriptomics offers high resolution for cellular response analysis.
Protoplast regeneration is a key platform for crop improvement via fusion and gene editing.

Conclusions:

Protoplast-based approaches are vital for understanding plant environmental interactions and stress resilience.
Protoplast fusion and CRISPR/Cas RNP editing accelerate crop breeding for enhanced stress tolerance.
These methods provide regulation-compliant strategies for developing improved cultivars, especially for challenging crops.