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Mantis Leg-Inspired Smart Insole Integrating Closed-Loop Power Supply for Advanced Wearable Gait Diagnostics.

Yingchun Li¹, Yarong Ding², Yuze Zhang³

¹Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Center for Flexible Electronics, Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, P.R. China.

Research (Washington, D.C.)

|January 12, 2026

Summary

A novel biomimetic smart insole offers precise gait monitoring for lower extremity disorders. This wearable platform integrates advanced sensors, sustainable energy, and AI for accurate diagnosis and personalized rehabilitation.

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Home-Based Monitor for Gait and Activity Analysis

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Area of Science:

Biomimetic engineering
Wearable sensor technology
Medical diagnostics

Background:

Continuous gait monitoring is crucial for diagnosing lower extremity dysfunction.
Current wearable devices lack precision, energy endurance, and intelligent data analysis.
Existing flexible pressure sensors have limitations in sensitivity and stability.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a fully integrated, biomimetic smart insole for enhanced gait monitoring.
To overcome limitations of current wearable devices in sensing precision, energy, and data analysis.
To establish a closed-loop wearable platform for clinical applications.

Main Methods:

Designed dual-microstructure capacitive sensors inspired by mantis leg mechanoreceptors.
Integrated nano-perovskite solar cells and lithium-sulfur nanobatteries for energy autonomy.
Embedded artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms for spatiotemporal pressure data interpretation via a 16-channel wireless module.

Main Results:

The sensors demonstrated a low detection limit (0.10 Pa), high range (1.4 MPa), and stability over 12,000 cycles.
The energy system achieved 11.21% photocharging efficiency and 72.15% energy storage efficiency.
AI models accurately detected foot arch abnormalities (96.0%) and classified 12 pathological gait patterns (97.6%).

Conclusions:

The biomimetic smart insole offers superior sensing, sustainable energy, and intelligent mechanodiagnosis.
The closed-loop wearable platform was validated in clinical studies.
This system shows significant potential for early disease screening, personalized rehabilitation, and remote healthcare.