Greening indolizine chemistry: advances in electro-/photochemical direct C-H functionalization
Xiang Liu1, Suijie Zhong1, Jubin Liu1
1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China. liux96@gdpu.edu.cn.
Abstract:
Indolizines are a class of structurally unique N-heterocycles that have garnered significant attention due to their broad presence in natural products, bioactive molecules, and functional materials. These compounds exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities. Their π-conjugated frameworks also make them attractive building blocks for organic optoelectronic materials. In recent years, direct C-H functionalization of the indolizines has emerged as a prominent research focus. Notably, electrochemical and visible-light-induced strategies, developed under the principles of green and sustainable chemistry, have provided new avenues for the late-stage diversification of indolizines. This review summarizes recent advances in electrochemical and photocatalytic C-H functionalization of indolizines, with an emphasis on the construction of C-C and C-X (X = S, Se, N, Cl, Br, etc.) bonds. Key developments in catalytic systems, substrate scope, mechanistic insights, and potential applications are discussed, aiming to offer valuable guidance for the green synthesis and further development of indolizine-based heterocycles.
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