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Author Spotlight: Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Autoantigens During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Immunotherapies on autoimmune encephalitis.

Cynthia M C Lemmens1, Agnes Van Sonderen1, Maarten J Titulaer2

  • 1Department of Neurology, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, South Holland, The Netherlands.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|January 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an inflammatory brain disorder caused by autoantibodies. Early immunotherapy, including steroids and IVIg, can lead to remission and improve outcomes.

Keywords:
AutoantibodiesAutoimmune encephalitis (AE)GAD65ImmunotherapyLGI1NMDARRefractory

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Neurology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is a diverse inflammatory neurological condition.
  • It arises from autoantibodies targeting neuronal components, leading to varied symptoms like cognitive decline, seizures, and autonomic dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of autoimmune encephalitis.
  • To outline diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for AE.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on autoimmune encephalitis.
  • Analysis of clinical presentations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment outcomes.

Main Results:

  • AE presents heterogeneously based on the specific autoantigen.
  • Prompt diagnosis and immunotherapy are crucial for favorable prognosis.
  • First-line treatments include high-dose glucocorticoids, IVIg, and plasmapheresis.
  • Second-line therapies like rituximab or cyclophosphamide are used for severe or relapsing cases.

Conclusions:

  • Autoimmune encephalitis requires timely diagnosis and aggressive immunotherapy.
  • While established treatments exist, further research, including randomized controlled trials, is needed.
  • Novel therapies are emerging, but their efficacy requires more data.