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The Retina

The Retina

The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

Published on: October 22, 2015

RetINaBox: A Hands-On Learning Tool for Experimental Neuroscience.

Brune Bettler¹, Flavia Arias Armas¹, Erica Cianfarano^1,2

¹Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada.

|January 12, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

RetINaBox is a low-cost simulator for exploring neuroscience experiments. This open-source tool allows hands-on discovery of how the visual system builds feature detectors, making complex concepts accessible.

Keywords:

center-surround direction selectivity discovery education and outreach learning tool open-source orientation selectivity receptive field visual neuroscience

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Last Updated: Jan 14, 2026

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Published on: March 19, 2021

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Computational Neuroscience
Educational Technology

Background:

Neuroscience experimentation is crucial but often inaccessible in educational settings due to cost and logistics.
Hands-on learning is vital for understanding complex biological systems like the visual pathway.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce RetINaBox, an affordable, open-source electronic visual system simulator.
To provide an accessible tool for users to discover the mechanisms of visual feature detection.

Main Methods:

Developed RetINaBox, featuring an LED array for stimuli and photodiode arrays as model photoreceptors.
Utilized a Raspberry Pi with custom software to simulate signal processing from photoreceptors to retinal ganglion cells.
Integrated interactive lesson plans for guided discovery of visual processing concepts.

Main Results:

Users can explore the construction of various feature detectors, including ON/OFF, center-surround, orientation-selective, and direction-selective receptive fields.
The simulator allows manipulation of signal polarity and delay to understand circuit computations.
Demonstrated the system's capability to simulate fundamental visual processing principles.

Conclusions:

RetINaBox effectively bridges the gap between theoretical neuroscience and practical experimentation in educational contexts.
The simulator facilitates a deeper understanding of visual system circuitry and feature detection mechanisms.
Promotes inquiry-based learning in neuroscience through an engaging, low-cost platform.