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Updated: Jan 14, 2026
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3D Printing of Preclinical X-ray Computed Tomographic Data Sets
Published on: March 22, 2013
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Development of an Anatomically Accurate Three-Dimensional-Printed Spine Model From Computed Tomography Data Using
Stefan Tserovski1, Todor G Bogdanov2,3, Dimo A Yankov4
1Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, BGR.
Cureus
|January 13, 2026
Summary
This study details the creation of a realistic 3D-printed spine model using computed tomography data. This durable and cost-effective anatomical model enhances medical education and training by providing a tangible representation of spinal structures.
Area of Science:
- Medical Education
- Biomedical Engineering
- Anatomical Modeling
Background:
- Traditional anatomical teaching tools like 2D imaging and cadavers have limitations in availability and durability.
- Accurate anatomical models are essential for understanding complex spinal structures in medical education.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a life-sized, anatomically accurate, 3D-printed spine model.
- To create a cost-effective and durable educational tool for medical training.
Main Methods:
- Computed tomography (CT) data were used to generate a 3D model.
- Image processing and segmentation isolated vertebrae and intervertebral discs.
- Stereolithography (STL) files were used for 3D printing with polylactic acid (PLA) for vertebrae and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) for discs.
Main Results:
- A high-fidelity 3D-printed spine model with accurate anatomical proportions, morphology, and spatial relationships was created.
- The model effectively simulated the rigidity of bone and flexibility of intervertebral discs.
- The model allowed for realistic manipulation and functional visualization of spinal segments.
Conclusions:
- The developed 3D-printed spine model is a valuable, cost-effective, and durable tool for medical education and anatomical visualization.
- This reproducible workflow enables the creation of patient-specific anatomical models.
- The approach provides a foundation for future models incorporating soft tissues or pathologies.
