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Association between Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Use and Risk of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer.

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Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology
|January 13, 2026
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This summary is machine-generated.

Long-term use of broad-spectrum antibiotics may increase the risk of early-onset colon cancer. Further research is needed to understand the relationship between antibiotic exposure duration and early-onset colorectal cancer (eoCRC) risk.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Oncology
  • Microbiome Research

Background:

  • Antibiotic exposure can disrupt gut microbiota, potentially influencing colorectal cancer risk.
  • Early-onset colorectal cancer (eoCRC) is a growing concern, with potential links to environmental factors like antibiotic use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between oral broad-spectrum and narrow-spectrum antibiotic use and the risk of early-onset colorectal cancer (eoCRC).
  • To explore how different exposure windows and durations of antibiotic use impact eoCRC risk.

Main Methods:

  • A nested case-control study was conducted using electronic health records from Kaiser Permanente Southern California.
  • Cases (aged 15-49 with colorectal adenocarcinoma) were matched with controls.
  • Logistic regression analyzed antibiotic use 2-15 years prior to diagnosis/index date.

Main Results:

  • Long-term cumulative use (>90 days) of broad-spectrum antibiotics 10-14.9 years prior to diagnosis was associated with an increased risk of colon adenocarcinoma (aOR=2.04).
  • No significant associations were found for narrow-spectrum antibiotics or for broad-spectrum antibiotics used within 5 years of diagnosis.
  • No clear association was observed for rectal cancer risk.

Conclusions:

  • A potential association exists between cumulative, long-term use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and an elevated risk of early-onset colon cancer.
  • Further research is warranted to clarify the impact of antibiotic duration and exposure timing on eoCRC risk.