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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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During adolescence, individuals experience significant cognitive development that enhances their understanding of others' emotions and thoughts, known as cognitive empathy. This period is marked by an increased ability to adapt to others' perspectives and a more nuanced understanding of others' mental states, a skill that is foundational for social problem-solving and conflict avoidance. The development of cognitive empathy relies heavily on the theory of mind — the...
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Complex ADHD in a Transgender Adolescent: Case Study and Clinical Implications.

Yiran Wang1, Wenqing Jiang1, Xiyan Zhang2

  • 1Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.

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|January 13, 2026
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Summary

This case study highlights a transgender adolescent with ADHD and co-occurring conditions. Effective treatment involved pharmacotherapy and psychological interventions, improving emotional regulation and reducing impulsive behaviors.

Keywords:
complex attention-deficit/hyperactivity disordersubstance usetransgender

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders
  • Adolescent Psychiatry

Background:

  • Increasing numbers of adolescents identify as transgender or gender-diverse and seek gender-affirming care.
  • Prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is elevated in transgender and gender-diverse adolescents.
  • Access to gender-affirming medical treatment remains limited for transgender adolescents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a case of a transgender adolescent with ADHD and co-morbidities.
  • To describe the treatment approach and outcomes for this complex case.
  • To underscore the need for integrated, life-course oriented care for transgender youth with ADHD.

Main Methods:

  • A case presentation of a 15-year-old adolescent with ADHD, gender dysphoria, substance use, and mood disorders.
  • Pharmacotherapy including antipsychotics and antidepressants.
  • Psychological interventions.

Main Results:

  • The patient showed improved emotional regulation.
  • Diminished impulsive behaviors were observed.
  • Successful management of co-occurring conditions alongside gender dysphoria.

Conclusions:

  • Emphasizes the necessity of life-course oriented care addressing transgender-specific stressors and substance abuse prevention.
  • Highlights the urgent need for research into pharmacotherapy tailored to co-morbidities, balancing ADHD treatment and gender-affirming hormone safety.
  • Advocates for comprehensive care models for transgender and gender-diverse adolescents with ADHD.