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Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. It uses a hierarchy of increasingly inclusive categories with Latin names. The smallest units of taxonomy, species and genus, are used to assign a formal, taxonomic name to each species in a system. This classification system, referred to as binomial nomenclature, was formalized by Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century.
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Schemas01:42

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The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
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Linearity is a system property characterized by a direct input-output relationship, combining homogeneity and additivity.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 15, 2026

A Concoction Pipeline for Generating Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) Among Riparian and Aquatic Beetles
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Towards an effective refactoring taxonomy for sustainable software systems.

Abdullah Almogahed1, Hairulnizam Mahdin1, Said Badreddine2

  • 1Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Johor, Malaysia.

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|January 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new software refactoring taxonomy based on estimated external quality attributes (EEQAs). It helps developers select refactoring approaches to improve software quality and sustainability.

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Area of Science:

  • Software Engineering
  • Computer Science

Background:

  • Software refactoring is crucial for system quality and sustainability.
  • Existing classifications lack focus on sustainability and long-term evolution.
  • Developers struggle to choose refactoring methods for quality improvement and maintenance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel refactoring taxonomy based on estimated external quality attributes (EEQAs).
  • To address the gap in understanding refactoring's impact on software sustainability.
  • To provide developers with guidance for selecting effective refactoring approaches.

Main Methods:

  • An exploratory study to identify refactoring approaches and EEQAs.
  • An experimental study with 41 experiments assessing refactoring impact on EEQAs.
  • A multi-case analysis to examine effects across different software systems.

Main Results:

  • A new taxonomy categorizing refactoring approaches as positive, negative, or ineffective based on EEQA impact.
  • Identification of key EEQAs: effectiveness, extendibility, flexibility, functionality, reusability, and understandability.
  • Demonstration of the taxonomy's ability to prioritize software sustainability.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed taxonomy offers a systematic approach to enhance software quality and sustainability.
  • Developers can use this taxonomy to improve maintainability, support future enhancements, and manage complexity.
  • Prioritizing EEQAs in refactoring leads to robust, sustainable software systems with long-term value.