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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

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The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Formation of Complex Ions03:45

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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Weak Acid Solutions04:02

Weak Acid Solutions

42.2K
Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a...
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Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

26.5K
An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Rational Lithium Salt Selection Principle for Designing High-Entropy Electrolytes toward High-Performance Lithium

Yingchun Xia1,2,3, Da Zhu4, Wenhui Hou1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Low-carbon Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|January 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel high-entropy electrolyte (HEE) using amphiphilic anions for improved lithium metal battery performance. This anion engineering strategy enhances solvation diversity and battery cyclability, enabling over 1000 cycles.

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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Battery Technology

Background:

  • High-entropy electrolytes (HEEs) enhance lithium metal battery (LMB) cyclability through diverse solvation microenvironments.
  • Current HEE design primarily focuses on increasing salt numbers, limiting exploration of anion-specific contributions to solvation diversity.
  • Understanding anion interactions is crucial for optimizing electrolyte properties in high-energy batteries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a new design principle for HEEs utilizing amphiphilic anions with asymmetric Li+ chelating capabilities.
  • To investigate how specific anion combinations influence Li+ solvation configurations and electrolyte solubility.
  • To evaluate the performance of the novel HEE in high-energy Li||NCM811 batteries.

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of a novel HEE (LTFA-LDFN) using lithium trifluoroacetate, difluorophosphate, and nitrate.
  • Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to analyze Li+ solvation configurations and entropy.
  • Electrochemical testing of Li||NCM811 cells using the developed HEE at room temperature and elevated temperatures.

Main Results:

  • The LTFA-LDFN electrolyte exhibits 64 distinct Li+ solvation configurations, with 71.2% being anion-dominated, significantly differing from conventional electrolytes.
  • Achieved a solvation configurational entropy of 6.5 × 10^-23 J K^-1, enhancing electrolyte stability and Li+ transport.
  • Demonstrated stable cycling of Li||NCM811 cells for over 1000 cycles (80.2% retention at room temp, 1C) and >300 cycles (>80% retention at 60°C, 2C).

Conclusions:

  • Anion engineering with amphiphilic and multi-site coordinating anions is an effective strategy for creating high-entropy-like solvation diversity.
  • The novel HEE design significantly improves the electrochemical performance and cycle life of high-energy lithium metal batteries.
  • This approach offers a new pathway for advancing electrolyte development for next-generation energy storage systems.