Developmental dynamics of bronchioalveolar stem cells revealed by dual-reporter lineage tracing

Bronchioalveolar stem cells (BASCs), located at the bronchioalveolar duct junction (BADJ), contribute to adult lung regeneration after injury, yet their role during postnatal lung morphogenesis remains poorly characterized. In this study, we showed that BASCs first emerged at birth and persisted throughout the postnatal saccular stage with stable localization and abundance. To trace their fate, we generated a Sftpc^DreER knock-in mouse and combined it with Scgb1a1^CreER and dual-reporter H11^{LSL - ZsG_RSR-tdT} mice to establish a dual recombinase-mediated lineage tracing system (BASC-Tracer). Using this system, we observed that BASCs expanded postnatally and migrated into both alveolar and airway compartments. In the alveoli, they lost SCGB1A1 expression and differentiated into AT2 and AT1 cells to drive alveolar maturation, whereas in the airways, they lost SFTPC expression and gave rise to club cells. Furthermore, we employed a hyperoxia-induced bronchopulmonary dysplasia model to assess the injury response of BASCs during lung development. We found that hyperoxic exposure markedly suppresses BASC regenerative capacity. Finally, spatial transcriptomic analysis revealed that BASCs reside within a distinct BADJ-associated niche, characterized by a unique repertoire of signaling ligands that distinguishes this niche from those of AT2 and club cells. Together, these findings delineate the dynamic behavior of BASCs during lung development and provide spatial characterization of their niche.